| Timeline of programming languages
|
| Predecessor(s)
| Year
| Name
| Chief developer, Company
|
|
Pre 1950
|
| *
| ~1837
| Analytical Engine order code
| Charles Babbage and Ada Lovelace
|
| *
| 1943-5
| Plankalkl (concept)
| Konrad Zuse
|
| *
| 1943-6
| ENIAC coding system
| John Von Neumann, John Mauchly, J. Presper Eckert, Herman Goldstine after Alan Turing
|
| ENIAC coding system
| 1946
| ENIAC Short Code
| Richard Clippinger, John Von Neumann after Alan Turing
|
| ENIAC coding system
| 1946
| Von Neumann and Goldstine graphing system (Notation)
| John Von Neumann and Herman Goldstine
|
| ENIAC coding system
| 1947
| ARC Assembly
| Kathleen Booth
|
| Analytical Engine order code
| 1948
| CPC Coding scheme
| Howard Aiken
|
| ENIAC coding system
| 1948
| Curry notation system
| Haskell Curry
|
| ENIAC Short Code
| 1948
| Brief Code
| John Mauchly
|
| ENIAC Short Code
| 1949
| C-10
| Betty Holberton
|
| CPC Coding scheme
| 1949
| Seeber coding scheme (concept)
| Robert Seeber
|
|
1950s
|
| Brief Code
| 1950
| Short Code
| William F Schmidt, A.B. Tonik, J.R. Logan
|
| ARC
| 1950
| Birkbeck Assembler
| Kathleen Booth
|
| *
| 1951
| ALGAE
| Edward A Voorhees and Karl Balke
|
| Short Code
| 1951
| Intermediate Programming Language
| Arthur Burks
|
| EDSAC
| 1951
| Regional Assembly Language
| Maurice Wilkes
|
| Aiken CPC system
| 1951
| Boehm unnamed coding system
| Corrado Boehm
|
| Plankalkl
| 1951
| Klammerausdrcke
| Konrad Zuse
|
| Short Code
| 1951
| OMNIBAC Symbolic Assembler
| Charles Katz
|
| *
| 1951
| Stanislaus (Notation)
| Fritz Bauer
|
| EDSAC
| 1951
| Whirlwind assembler
| Charles Adams and Jack Gilmore at MIT Project Whirlwind
|
| EDSAC
| 1951
| Rochester assembler
| Nat Rochester
|
| *
| 1951
| Sort/Merge
| Betty Holberton
|
| C-10 and Short Code
| 1952
| A-0
| Grace Hopper
|
| Aiken CPC
| 1952
| AUTOCODE
| Alick Glennie after Alan Turing
|
| SORT/MERGE
| 1952
| Editing Generator
| Milly Koss
|
| *
| 1952
| COMPOOL
| RAND/SDC
|
| *
| 1953
| Whirlwind algebraic systems
| Laning, Zierler, Adams at MIT Project Whirlwind
|
| *
| 1953
| READ/PRINT
| Don Harroff, James Fishman, George Ryckman
|
| Glennie Autocode
| 1954
| Mark I Autocode
| Tony Brooker
|
| A-0
| 1954-1955
| FORTRAN "0" (concept)
| Team led by John W. Backus at IBM
|
| A-0
| 1954
| ARITH-MATIC
| Team led by Grace Hopper at UNIVAC
|
| A-0
| 1954
| MATH-MATIC
| Team led by Grace Hopper at UNIVAC
|
| *
| 1954
| MATRIX MATH
| H G Kahrimanian
|
| *
| 1954
| IPL I (concept)
| Allen Newell, Cliff Shaw, Herbert Simon
|
| A-0
| 1955
| FLOW-MATIC
| Team led by Grace Hopper at UNIVAC
|
| FORTRAN, A-2
| 1955
| PACT I
| SHARE
|
| Boehm
| 1955-6
| Sequentielle Formelbersetzung
| Fritz Bauer and Karl Samelson
|
| Laning and Zerler
| 1955-6
| IT
| Team led by Alan Perlis
|
| IPL I
| 1958
| IPL II (implementation)
| Allen Newell, Cliff Shaw, Herbert Simon
|
| IPL
| 1956-1958
| LISP (concept)
| John McCarthy
|
| FLOW-MATIC
| 1957
| COMTRAN
| Bob Bemer
|
| FORTRAN 0
| 1957
| FORTRAN "I" (implementation)
| John W. Backus at IBM
|
| *
| 1957
| COMIT (concept)
|
| FORTRAN I
| 1958
| FORTRAN II
| Team led by John W. Backus at IBM
|
| FORTRAN, IT and Sequentielle Formelbersetzung
| 1958
| ALGOL 58 (IAL)
| ACM/GAMM
|
| IPL II
| 1958
| IPL V
| Allen Newell, Cliff Shaw, Herbert Simon
|
| FLOW-MATIC, COMTRAN
| 1959
| COBOL (concept)
| The Codasyl Committee
|
| IPL
| 1959
| LISP (implementation)
| John McCarthy
|
|
| 1959
| TRAC (concept)
| Mooers
|
|
1960s
|
| ALGOL 58
| 1960
| ALGOL 60
|
| FLOW-MATIC, COMTRAN
| 1960
| COBOL 61 (implementation)
| The Codasyl Committee
|
| *
| 1961
| COMIT (implementation)
|
| FORTRAN II
| 1962
| FORTRAN IV
|
| *
| 1962
| APL (concept)
| Iverson
|
| ALGOL 58
| 1962
| MAD
| Arden, et al.
|
| ALGOL 60
| 1962
| SIMULA (concept)
|
| FORTRAN II, COMIT
| 1962
| SNOBOL
| Griswold, et al.
|
| ALGOL 60
| 1963
| CPL
| Barron, Strachey, et al.
|
| SNOBOL
| 1963
| SNOBOL3
| Griswold, et al.
|
| ALGOL 60
| 1963
| ALGOL 68 (concept)
| van Wijngaarden, et al.
|
| ALGOL 58
| 1963
| JOSS I
| Cliff Shaw, RAND
|
| MIDAS
| 1964
| MIMIC
| H. E. Petersen, et al.
|
| CPL, LISP
| 1964
| COWSEL
| Burstall, Popplestone
|
| ALGOL 60, COBOL, FORTRAN
| 1964
| PL/I (concept)
| IBM
|
| FORTRAN II, JOSS
| 1964
| BASIC
| Kemeny and Kurtz
|
| FARGO
| 1964
| RPG
| IBM
|
|
| 1964
| TRAC (implementation)
| Mooers
|
|
| 1964?
| IITRAN
|
| JOSS
| 1965
| TELCOMP
| BBN
|
| JOSS I
| 1966
| JOSS II
| Chuck Baker, RAND
|
| FORTRAN IV
| 1966
| FORTRAN 66
|
|
| LISP
| 1966
| ISWIM
| Landin
|
| ALGOL 60
| 1966
| CORAL66
|
| CPL
| 1967
| BCPL
| Richards
|
| FORTRAN, TELCOMP
| 1967
| MUMPS
| Massachusetts General Hospital
|
| *
| 1967
| APL (implementation)
| Iverson
|
| ALGOL 60
| 1967
| SIMULA 67 (implementation)
| Dahl, Myhrhaug, Nygaard at Norsk Regnesentral
|
| SNOBOL3
| 1967
| SNOBOL4
| Griswold, et al.
|
| PL/I
| 1967
| XPL
| W. M. Mckeeman, et al. at University Of California Santa Cruz, California
J. J. Horning, et al. at Stanford University
|
| DIBOL
| 1968
| DIBOL-8
| DEC
|
| COWSEL
| 1968
| POP-1
| Burstall, Popplestone
|
|
| 1968
| FORTH (concept)
| Moore
|
| LISP
| 1968
| LOGO
| Papert
|
| *
| 1968
| REFAL (implementation)
| Valentin Turchin
|
| ALGOL 60
| 1969
| ALGOL 68 (implementation)
| van Wijngaarden, et al.
|
| ALGOL 60, COBOL, FORTRAN
| 1969
| PL/I (implementation)
| IBM
|
| BCPL
| 1969
| B
| Ken Thompson, with contributions from Dennis Ritchie
|
|
| 1969
| PPL
| Thomas A. Standish at Harvard University
|
|
1970s
|
|
| 1970?
| FORTH (implementation)
| Moore
|
| POP-1
| 1970
| POP-2
|
| ALGOL 60
| 1971
| Pascal
| Wirth, Jensen
|
| Pascal, XPL
| 1971
| Sue
| Holt et al. at University of Toronto
|
| SIMULA 67
| 1972
| Smalltalk-72
| Xerox PARC
|
| PL/I, ALGOL, XPL
| 1972
| PL/M
| Kildall at Digital Research
|
| B, BCPL, ALGOL 68
| 1972
| C
| Ritchie
|
| *
| 1972
| INTERCAL
|
| 2-level W-Grammar
| 1972
| Prolog
| Colmerauer
|
| Pascal, BASIC
| 1973
| COMAL
| Christensen, L๘fstedt
|
| Pascal, Sue
| 1973
| LIS
| Ichbiah et al. at CII Honeywell Bull
|
| BASIC
| 1974
| GRASS
| DeFanti
|
| Business BASIC
| 1974
| BASIC FOUR
| BASIC FOUR CORPORATION
|
| LISP
| 1975
| Scheme
| Sussman, Steele
|
| Pascal
| 1975?
| Modula
| Wirth
|
| BASIC
| 1975
| Altair BASIC
| Gates, Allen
|
| ALGOL 68, BLISS, ECL, HAL
| 1975
| CS-4
| Brosgol at Intermetrics
|
| Smalltalk-72
| 1976
| Smalltalk-76
| Xerox PARC
|
| C, FORTRAN
| 1976
| Ratfor
| Kernighan
|
| APL, PPL, Scheme
| 1976
| S
| John Chambers at Bell Laboratories
|
| *
| 1977
| FP
| John Backus
|
| *
| 1977
| Bourne Shell (sh)
| Bourne
|
| Fortran
| 1977
| IDL
| David Stern of Research Systems Inc
|
| MUMPS
| 1977
| Standard MUMPS
|
| SNOBOL
| 1977
| 'ICON (concept)
| Griswold
|
| ALGOL 68, LIS
| 1977
| Green
| Ichbiah et al. at CII Honeywell Bull for US Dept of Defense
|
| ALGOL 68, CS-4
| 1977
| Red
| Brosgol et al. at Intermetrics for US Dept of Defense
|
| ALGOL 68,
| 1977
| Blue
| Goodenough et al. at SofTech for US Dept of Defense
|
| ALGOL 68,
| 1977
| Yellow
| Spitzen et al. at SRI International for US Dept of Defense
|
| FORTRAN IV
| 1978
| FORTRAN 77
|
| Modula
| 1978?
| Modula-2
| Wirth
|
| *
| 1978?
| MATLAB
| Moler at the University of New Mexico
|
| Algol60
| 1978?
| SMALL
| Brownlee at the University of Auckland
|
| Ingres
| 1978
| SQL aka structured query language
| IBM
|
| *
| 1978
| VISICALC
| Bricklin, Frankston marketed by VisiCorp
|
| PL/I, BASIC, EXEC 2
| 1979
| REXX
| Cowlishaw
|
| C, SNOBOL
| 1979
| Awk
| Aho, Weinberger, Kernighan
|
| SNOBOL
| 1979
| ICON (implementation)
| Griswold
|
| *
| 1979
| Vulcan dBase-II
| Ratliff
|
|
1980s
|
| C, SIMULA 67
| 1980
| C with classes
| Stroustrup
|
| Smalltalk-76
| 1980
| Smalltalk-80
| Xerox PARC
|
| Smalltalk, C
| 1982
| Objective-C
| Brad Cox
|
| Green
| 1983
| Ada 83
| CII Honeywell Bull
|
| C with Classes
| 1983
| C++
| Stroustrup
|
| BASIC
| 1983
| True BASIC
| Kemeny, Kurtz at Dartmouth College
|
| COBOL
| 1983?
| ABAP
| SAP
|
| sh
| 1984?
| Korn Shell (ksh)
| Dave Korn
|
| *
| 1984
| Standard ML
|
| dBase
| 1984
| CLIPPER
| Nantucket
|
| LISP
| 1984
| Common Lisp
| Guy Steele and many others
|
| 1977MUMPS
| 1985
| 1984 MUMPS
|
| Pascal
| 1985
| Object Pascal
| Apple Computer
|
| dBase
| 1985
| PARADOX
| Borland
|
| Interpress
| 1985
| PostScript
| Warnock
|
| BASIC
| 1985
| QuickBASIC
| Microsoft
|
|
| 1986
| Miranda
| David Turner at University of Kent
|
|
| 1986
| LabVIEW
| National Instruments
|
| SIMULA 67
| 1986
| Eiffel
| Meyer
|
|
| 1986
| Informix-4GL
| Informix
|
| C
| 1986
| PROMAL
|
|
| INFORM
| 1986
| CorVision
| Cortex
|
| Smalltalk
| 1987
| Self (concept)
| Sun Microsystems Inc.
|
| *
| 1987
| HyperTalk
| Apple
|
| *
| 1987
| SQL-87
|
| C, sed, awk, sh
| 1987
| Perl
| Wall
|
| MATLAB
| 1988
| Octave
|
| dBase-III
| 1988
| dBase-IV
|
| Awk, Lisp
| 1988
| Tcl
| Ousterhout
|
| REXX
| 1988
| Object REXX
| Simon C. Nash
|
| Ada
| 1988
| SPARK
| Bernard A. Carr้
|
| APL
| 1988
| A+
| Arthur Whitney
|
| *
| 1987
| Mathematica
| Wolfram Research
|
| Turbo Pascal, Object Pascal
| 1989
| Turbo Pascal OOP
| Hejlsberg at Borland
|
| C
| 1989
| Standard C89/90
| ANSI X3.159-1989 (adopted by ISO in 1990)
|
| Modula-2
| 1989
| Modula-3
| Cardeli, et al.
|
| Modula-2
| 1989
| Oberon
| Wirth
|
|
1990s
|
| Oberon
| 1990
| Object Oberon
| Wirth
|
| APL, FP
| 1990
| J
| Iverson, R. Hui at Iverson Software
|
| Miranda
| 1990
| Haskell
|
| 1984 MUMPS
| 1990
| 1990 MUMPS
|
| SML 84
| 1990
| SML 90
| Milner, Tofte and Harper
|
| Fortran 77
| 1991
| Fortran 90
|
| Object Oberon
| 1991
| Oberon-2
| Wirth
|
| ABC
| 1991
| Python
| Van Rossum
|
| C
| 1991
| Q
| Albert Graf
|
| QuickBASIC
| 1991
| Visual Basic
| Alan Cooper at Microsoft
|
| SQL-87
| 1992
| SQL-92
|
| Turbo Pascal OOP
| 1992
| Borland Pascal
|
| ICI
| 1992
| Tim Long
|
| ksh
| 1993?
| Z Shell (zsh)
|
| Smalltalk
| 1993?
| Self (implementation)
| Sun Microsystems Inc.
|
| Forth
| 1993
| FALSE
| Wouter van Oortmerssen
|
| *
| 1993
| WinDev
| PC Soft
|
| FALSE
| 1993
| Brainfuck
| Mller
|
| HyperTalk
| 1993
| Revolution Transcript
|
| HyperTalk
| 1993
| AppleScript
| Apple
|
| APL, Lisp
| 1993
| K
| Arthur Whitney
|
| Smalltalk, Perl
| 1993
| Ruby
| Yukihiro Matsumoto
|
|
| 1993
| Lua
| Roberto Ierusalimschy et al. at Tecgraf, PUC-Rio
|
| C
| 1993
| ZPL
| Chamberlain et al. at University of Washington
|
| Lisp
| 1994
| Dylan
| many people at Apple Computer
|
| Perl
| 1994
| PHP
| Rasmus Lerdof
|
| Ada 83
| 1995
| Ada 95
| ISO
|
| Borland Pascal
| 1995
| Borland Delphi
| Anders Hejlsberg at Borland
|
|
| 1995
| ColdFusion
| Allaire
|
| C, SIMULA67 OR C++, Smalltalk, Objective-C
| 1995
| Java
| James Gosling at Sun Microsystems
|
| 1990MUMPS
| 1995
| 1995 MUMPS
|
| Self, Java
| 1995?
| LiveScript
| Brendan Eich at Netscape
|
| Fortran 90
| 1996
| Fortran 95
|
| APL, Perl
| 1996
| Perl Data Language (PDL)
| Karl Glazebrook, Jarle Brinchmann, Tuomas Lukka, and Christian Soeller
|
| S
| 1996
| R
| Robert Gentleman and Ross Ihaka
|
| REXX
| 1996
| NetRexx
| Cowlishaw
|
|
| 1996
| Lasso
| Blue World Communication
|
| Joule, Original-E
| 1997
| E
| Mark S. Miller
|
| LiveScript
| 1997?
| JavaScript
| Brendan Eich at Netscape
|
| SML 90
| 1997
| SML 97
| Milner, Tofte, Harper and MacQueen
|
| PHP 3
| 1997
| PHP
| PHP team
|
| Scheme
| 1997
| Pico
| Free University of Brussels
|
| Smalltalk-80, Self
| 1997
| Squeak Smalltalk
| Alan Kay, et al. at Apple Computer
|
| JavaScript
| 1997?
| ECMAScript
| ECMA TC39-TG1
|
| Smalltalk, APL, Objective-C
| 1997
| F-Script
| Philippe Mougin
|
| C++, Standard C
| 1998
| Standard C++
| ANSI/ISO Standard C++
|
| Prolog
| 1998
| Erlang
| Open Source Erlang at Ericsson
|
| Standard C89/90
| 1999
| Standard C99
| ISO/IEC 9899:1999
|
| DSSSL
| 1999
| XSLT
| W3C
|
|
2000s
|
| Java
| 2000
| Join Java
| G Stewart von Itzstein
|
| FP, Forth
| 2000
| Joy
| von Thun
|
| C, C++, C#, Java
| 2000
| D
| Walter Bright at Digital Mars
|
| C, C++, Java, Delphi
| 2000
| C#
| Anders Hejlsberg at Microsoft(ECMA)
|
| Java
| 2001
| AspectJ
| Xerox PARC
|
| Self, NetwonScript
| 2002
| Io
| Steve Dekorte
|
| Perl, C++
| 2003
| S2
| Fitzpatrick, Atkins
|
| C#, ML, MetaHaskell
| 2003
| Nemerle
| University of Wroclaw
|
| Joy, Forth, Lisp
| 2003
| Factor
| Slava Pestov
|
| Fortran 95
| 2004
| Fortran 2003
|
| *
| 2004
| Subtext
| Jonathan Edwards
|
| Python, C#, Ruby
| 2004
| Boo
| Rodrigo B. de Oliveira
|
| Object Pascal, C#
| 2004
| Chrome programming language
| RemObjects Software
|
| Java
| 2004
| Groovy
| James Strachan
|
| *
| 2005
| Corn
|
| Haskell
| 2006
| Links
| Phil Wadler, University of Edinburgh
|
| ksh, C#, Ruby, SQL
| 2006
| Windows PowerShell
| Microsoft
|
